1. Product Make-up and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core enveloped by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically bound core-shell design.
The steel core, generally low-carbon or stainless steel, supplies mechanical effectiveness with tensile staminas going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper finish– normally 2– 10% of the overall size– imparts outstanding electric and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is crucial for performance; it is engineered via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to make certain strong bond and marginal interdiffusion under operational anxieties.
Electroplating is one of the most common method, providing specific thickness control and uniform protection on constant steel filaments attracted via copper sulfate baths.
Appropriate surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, makes sure ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination during subsequent processing or service.
With time and at elevated temperatures, interdiffusion can develop weak iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which may endanger versatility and long-lasting reliability– a difficulty mitigated by diffusion obstacles or rapid processing.
1.2 Physical and Functional Feature
CCSFs combine the very best qualities of both basic metals: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the exceptional conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity normally ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), relying on covering density and purity, making CCSF dramatically a lot more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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